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An Illustrated Description of the Russian Empire


CONTENTS


Sears, Robert. An Illustrated Description of the Russian Empire. New York: Robert Sears, 1855. 686 pages.
AN



ILLUSTRATED DESCRIPTION



OF THE



RUSSIAN EMPIRE;

EMBRACING



ITS GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES, POLITICAL DIVISIONS, PRINCIPAL CITIES AND

TOWNS, POPULATION, CLASSES, GOVERNMENT, RESOURCES, COMMERCE,

ANTIQUITIES, RELIGION, PROGRESS IN EDUCATION, LITERATURE, ART,

AND SCIENCE, MANNERS AND CUSTOMS, HISTORIC SUMMARY, ETC.,

FROM THE LATEST AND THE MOST AUTHENTIC SOURCES.



By ROBERT SEARS.


EMBELLISHED WlTH NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS,

AND

Maps of European and Asiatic Russia.

NEW YORK:
PUBLISHED BY ROBERT SEARS,


181 WILLIAM STREET.
1855.
 

About Sears Illustrated Description of the Russian Empire


The List of Illustrations

Preface



CHAPTER I



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
◦ Boundaries ◦ Latitude and Longitude ◦ Superficial Area ◦ Comparative Dimensions ◦ Russian America ◦ Ural Mountains ◦ aucasian Range ◦ Asiatic Russia ◦ Altai Range ◦ Forests ◦ White Sea ◦ Baltic Sea ◦ Its Extent ◦ Gulf of Bothnia ◦ Gulf of Finland ◦ Euxine or Black Sea ◦ Sea of Azov ◦ Putrid Sea ◦ Strait of Enikaleh ◦ Caspian Sea ◦ Its Position, Form, and Extent ◦ Its Islands ◦ Its Fisheries ◦ Its Harbors ◦ Its History ◦ the Sea of Okhotsk ◦ Rivers ◦ the Dwina ◦ the Obi ◦ the Yenisei ◦ the Duna ◦ the Niemen ◦ the Dniester ◦ the Dnieper ◦ the Boug ◦ the Don ◦ Attempts to unite the Don and the Volga ◦ the Kouban ◦ the Danube ◦ Its Mouths ◦ the Volga ◦ Its Source and Course ◦ Its Mouths ◦ Its Tributaries ◦ Its Inundations ◦ Its Commercial Importance ◦ Lakes ◦ Lake or Sea of Baikal ◦ Lake Ladoga ◦ Lake Onega ◦ Lake Peipus ◦ Lake Ilmen ◦ Bielo-Ozero ◦ Climate ◦ Storms ◦ the Miatjel ◦ the Samjots ◦ the Vinga ◦ Its Terrible Devastations

CHAPTER II



POLITICAL DIVISIONS. THE BALTIC PROVINCES
◦ Division-Line of European and Asiatic Russia ◦ General Divisions ◦ Table of Areas and Populations ◦ Finland: Physical Aspect ◦ Climate ◦ Soil ◦ Productions ◦ Animals ◦ Manufactures ◦ Government ◦ People ◦ the Aland Archipelago ◦ Chief Towns ◦ Abo ◦ Helsingfors Sweaborg ◦ Tornea ◦ Government of St. Petersburg: Physical Aspect ◦ Climate ◦ Productive Resources ◦ Commerce ◦ Kronstadt ◦ Its Harbor and Fortifications ◦ Esthonia: Soil ◦ Animals ◦ Thrilling Incident ◦ Revel ◦ Its Harbor ◦ Historical Incident ◦ Catherinthal, built by Peter the Great ◦ Livonia: Soil and Productions ◦ Forests ◦ Wild Animals ◦ Hunting Scenes ◦ Rural Industry ◦ Russian Coins ◦ Livonia: Population ◦ Government ◦ Riga ◦ Dorpat ◦ Historic Incident of Schloss-Ringen ◦ Courland : Physical Aspect ◦ Soil and Productions ◦ Animals ◦ Elk-Hunting ◦ Mittau ◦ Libau ◦ Windau ◦ History of the Baltic Provinces ◦ People ◦ the Lettes and Esthonians ◦ the Jews ◦ the Germans

CHAPTER III



GREAT RUSSIA
◦ Archangel: Its Extent ◦ Physical Aspect ◦ Climate ◦ Resources ◦ People ◦ Russian Lapland ◦ the Laplanders ◦ Nova Zembla ◦ City of Archangel ◦ History ◦ Vologda : Soil, Climate, and Productions ◦ City of Vologda ◦ Olonetz: Soil ◦ Resources ◦ Petrozavodsk ◦ Kargo-pole ◦ Novgorod : Physical Aspect ◦ Soil and Productions ◦ City of Novgorod ◦ Its History ◦ Pskov: Soil and Productions ◦ Pskov the Capital ◦ Torepetz ◦ Velikie-Louki ◦ Tver: Productions ◦ Manufactures ◦ Commerce ◦ Tver, its Capital ◦ Smolensk : Soil and Productions ◦ Forests ◦ City of Smolensk ◦ Moscow: Its Extent ◦ Physical Aspect ◦ Climate ◦ Natural Products and Manufactures ◦ Yaroslav: Rivers and Lakes ◦ Climate ◦ Resources ◦ City of Yaroslav ◦ Its History ◦ Kostroma: Soil and Climate ◦ Products ◦ City of Kostroma ◦ Nijnei-Novgorod ◦ Soil and Productions ◦ Manufactures ◦ City of Nijnei-Novgorod ◦ Fairs ◦ Vladimir: Surface ◦ Soil and Products ◦ City of Vladimir ◦ Riazan: Climate ◦ Forests ◦ Products and Manufactures ◦ City of Riazan ◦ Tambov : Resources ◦ Forests ◦ Manufactures ◦ City of Tambov ◦ oula : Resources ◦ City of Toula ◦ Market ◦ Manufactures ◦ History ◦ Kalouga: Climate and Productions ◦ Manufactures ◦ Exports ◦ City of Kalouga ◦ Orel : Its Rivers ◦ Soil and Productions ◦ Commerce ◦ Town of Orel ◦ Koursk : Products ◦ Exports ◦ City of Koursk ◦ Fairs ◦ Voronej : Resources ◦ Population ◦ City of Voronej

CHAPTER IV



LITTLE AND WESTERN RUSSIA
◦ Lithuania ◦ Its History and People ◦ Tchernigov : Its Soil ◦ Lakes and Rivers ◦ Productions ◦ Its Capital, Tchernigov ◦ Kharkov: Soil and Productions ◦ City of Kharkov ◦Poltava: Its Surface, Soil, and Resources ◦ Town of Poltava ◦ Kiev: Physical Aspect ◦ Climate ◦ Crops ◦ City of Kiev ◦ Antiquities ◦ History of Kiev ◦ Podolia: Physical Aspect ◦ Productions ◦ Kaminietz ◦ Balta ◦ Volhynia : Physical Aspect ◦ Manufactures and Exports ◦ People ◦ Jitomir ◦ Berditschev ◦ Minsk: Productive Resources◦People ◦ Its Capital ◦ Moghilev: Rivers and Lakes ◦ Productions ◦ Town of Moghilev ◦ Vitepsk: Soil and Productions ◦ Its Capital◦Wilna : Rivers and Lakes ◦ Agricultural Resources ◦ Animals ◦ Its Capital ◦ Educational Institutions ◦ Grodno : Soil and Productions ◦ People ◦ Town of Grodno ◦ Bialystok : Its Resources ◦ Bialystok, its Capital

CHAPTER V



RUSSIAN POLAND
◦ Former Extent of Poland ◦ Present Limits of Russian Poland ◦ Population ◦ Physical Aspect ◦ Climate and Soil◦Productive Resources ◦ Estates of the Nobility ◦ the Peasantry ◦ Position of the Peasantry ◦ Villages ◦ Domestic and Wild Animals ◦ Forests ◦ Minerals ◦ Manufactures ◦ Commerce ◦ Government ◦ Religion ◦ Education ◦ People ◦ History ◦ Krakow, the Ancient Capital of Poland ◦ Warsaw: Public Buildings ◦ Suburbs ◦ Educational Institutions ◦ Manufactures and Trade ◦ History ◦ Other Towns

CHAPTER VI



SOUTHERN RUSSIA
◦ Bessarabia : Its Position and Physical Aspect ◦ Climate and Productions ◦ People ◦ History ◦ Kichinev◦ Ismail ◦ Its Capture by Suwarrow ◦ Kherson : Soil and Climate ◦ Industrial Arts ◦ Kherson, its Capital ◦ Historical Incident: "The Road to Constantinople" ◦ Odessa ◦ Its Trade ◦ Its Granaries ◦ Bazars ◦ Vineyards ◦ The Boulevard ◦ Memorials of Howard ◦ Nikolaiev ◦ Taurida: Position and Area ◦ Its People ◦ Ekatherinoslav : Soil and Minerals ◦ Climate and Products ◦ Game ◦ Manufactures ◦ Bon Cossacks (Government): Physical Aspect ◦ Climate ◦ Prod nctive Resources ◦ The Don Cossacks ◦ Their History ◦ Kreposts ◦ Nova Tcherkask ◦ Toherkask ◦ Taganrog ◦ Azov

CHAPTER VII



THE CRIMEA
◦ Physical Aspect ◦ The Baidar Valley ◦ Productive Resources ◦ Salt Works ◦ Chief Towns ◦ Population ◦ Crim Tartars ◦ History ◦ Sevastapol ◦ Its Harbor and Fortifications ◦ Ink-erman, the "Town of Caverns" ◦ Ruins ◦ Simferopol ◦ Camel-Carts ◦ Fair ◦ Races ◦ the Tchatir Bagh ◦ Cave of Foul Kouba ◦ Kisil Kouba ◦ Pallas' Residence ◦ Kertsch ◦ Panti-capaeum, Residence and Reputed Burial-Place of Mithridates ◦ Caffa ◦ Baktchiserai (the "Seraglio of Gardens") ◦ Tartar Houses ◦ Palace of the Khans ◦ Mausoleum of the Khans, "Valley of Jehoshaphat ◦ Tchoufut Kale ◦ the Karaite Jews ◦ Mangoup Kale ◦ Novel Method of Shoeing a Bullock ◦ Decay of the Tartar Race

CHAPTER VIII



THE STEPPES OF SOUTHERN RUSSIA
◦ Area and Physical Aspect ◦- Rivers ◦ Ravines ◦ Limans ◦ Stavoks ◦ Climate ◦ Seasons ◦ Excessive Drought ◦ Vegetation ◦ Burian ◦ Steppe-Fires ◦ Earth-Hares ◦ Mice ◦ Wolves ◦ Dogs ◦ Bustard-Hunting ◦ Birds of Prey ◦ Reptiles ◦ The Toad-Shower ◦ Lizards ◦ Snakes ◦ Locusts ◦ Their Devastations ◦ Herds of Horses ◦ The Tabuntshik ◦ The Horsestealer ◦ Battles of the Horses ◦ Attacks of "Wolves ◦ Thrashing of Grain by Horses ◦ Mazeppa ◦ Sheep ◦ The Tshabawn ◦ Milking Sheep ◦ Herds of Cattle ◦ The Tsherednik ◦ Tallow-Houses ◦ "Wholesale Slaughter ◦ Tallow-Market

CHAPTER IX



EASTERN RUSSIA
◦ Governments of Eastern Russia ◦ Astrakhan: Physical Aspect ◦ Soil ◦ Productive Resources ◦ Salt-Lakes ◦ Rivers ◦ Climate ◦ Animals ◦ Fisheries ◦ People ◦ The Calmucks ◦ Their Extraordinary Emigration in 1770-177l ◦ City of Astrakhan ◦ Its Trade and Population ◦ Saratov : Productions ◦ Sheep◦Population ◦ Commerce ◦ City of Saratov◦Other Towns ◦ Orenburg: Physical Aspect ◦ Soil ◦ Minerals◦Town of Orenburg ◦ Its Manufactures and Trade ◦ Perm : Physical Aspect ◦ Climate ◦ Gold, Iron, and Sail-Mines ◦ Trade ◦ Inhabitants ◦ City of Perm ◦ Ekaterinburg ◦ Trade in Precious Stones ◦ Yiatka : Physical Aspect Productive Resources ◦ Commerce ◦ Population ◦ Yiatka the Capital ◦ Simbirsk: Climate and Productions ◦ Its Capital ◦ Samara: Area and Population ◦ City of Samara ◦ Its Annual Fair ◦ Penza: Soil and Productions ◦ Manufactures and Exports ◦ City of Penza ◦ Kazan : Physical Aspect ◦ Agriculture ◦ Gardens ◦ Population ◦ Cheremisses and Chuvasses ◦ The city of Kazan ◦ The Tartars ◦ Their Costume ◦ Tartar Women ◦ Kremlin of Kazan ◦ University ◦ Manufactures and Trade ◦ Inundation of the Volga ◦ Foundation of Kazan ◦ Its History ◦ Its Conflagrations ◦ Oliphant's Sketch of Kazan in 1853

CHAPTER X



THE CAUCASIAN PROVINCES
◦ Caucasian Tribes ◦ Georgia: Its Position and Aspect ◦ Rivers ◦ Climate and Soil ◦ Fruit ◦ Its Vineyards ◦ Wines ◦ Domestic Animals ◦ Roads ◦ Manufactures ◦ Female Georgians ◦ Classes ◦ History ◦ Teflis ◦ Its History ◦ Other Towns ◦ Shirvan: Baku ◦ Abcheran ◦ Naphtha Springs◦ "Field of Fire" ◦ Ghebers ◦ Russian Armenia : Physical Aspect ◦ Guk-cha, or Blue Lake ◦ Mount Ararat ◦ Volcanic Eruption of 1840 ◦ Nakhichevan ◦ Climate and Soil of Armenia ◦ Inhabitants ◦ Echmiadzin ◦ Armenian Language and Literature ◦ Erivan ◦ Akhalzik ◦ Imeritia: Physical Aspect ◦ Natural Productions ◦ Bees and Silkworms ◦ Commerce ◦ Mingrelia : Physical Aspect ◦ Productions ◦ Guria : People ◦ Kou-tais ◦Abassia: Its Position ◦ Industry ◦ History ◦ Anapar◦Circassia: Extent and Physical Features ◦ Its Hydrography ◦ Climate ◦ Soil and Natural Productions ◦ Animals, Wild and Domestic ◦ Minerals ◦ People ◦ Villages ◦ the Chase and War ◦ Circassian Women ◦ Domestic Habits ◦ Physical Beauty ◦ Education ◦ Religion ◦ Manufactures and Commerce ◦ History ◦ Caucasus: Physical Features and Climate ◦ Stavropol ◦ Other Towns ◦ Dag-hestan : Physical Aspect ◦ Bituminous Springs ◦ Climate ◦ Population ◦Derbent ◦ Kouba ◦ Tschetschenzes and Lesghians ◦ The Caucasian "War ◦ Its History ◦ Shamyl

CHAPTER XI



SIBERIA, OR ASIATIC RUSSIA
◦ Its Immense Extent ◦ Physical Aspect ◦ the Steppe ◦ Forests ◦ Moorland, or Tundra ◦ Stanovoy Mountains ◦ Dry Lakes ◦ Samoides ◦ Ostiaks ◦ Calmucks ◦ Turkish Tribes ◦ Buriats ◦ Tungusi ◦ Yakutes ◦ Tchouktchis ◦ History of Siberia ◦ Tobolsk : Soil and Productions ◦ Tartar Villages ◦ City of Tobolsk ◦ Climate ◦ Tomsk : Soil and Productions ◦ Tomsk, its Capital ◦ Yeniseisk : Variety of Soil, Climate, and Productions ◦ Inhabitants ◦ Krasnoiarsk Other Towns ◦ Irkoutsk : Physical Features ◦ Climate ◦ Forests ◦ Wild Animals ◦ A Bear Story ◦ Domestic Animals ◦ Crops◦Minerals ◦ Manufactures ◦ Irkoutsk, the Capital ◦ Its Police ◦ the "Double Town" ◦ Yakoutsk: Its Rivers ◦ Productive Resources ◦ Yakoutsk, the Capital ◦ Its Trade ◦ Inhabitants ◦ Climate ◦ Okhotsk: Physical Features ◦ Products◦Town of Okhotsk◦Kamtschatka : Its Form and Physical Aspect ◦ Mountains ◦ Climate ◦ Forests ◦ Agriculture ◦ Wild Animals ◦ Inhabitants ◦Amusements ◦ Houses ◦ Dogs ◦ Koriaks ◦ Trade ◦ History ◦ Government ◦ Aleutian Islands : Discovery ◦ Volcanic Formation ◦ Earthquakes ◦ Soil ◦ Game ◦ Fish ◦ Inhabitants ◦ Maimers and Customs ◦ Religion ◦ Government

CHAPTER XII



MOSCOW
◦ Its Streets ◦ Its Extent◦The Kremlin ◦ Bird's-Eye Yiew ◦ Spass Yorota, or "Gate of the Redeemer" ◦ the Nicholas Gate ◦ Ancient Palace of the Czars ◦ Terema ◦ Granovitaya Palata ◦ Coronation-Hall ◦ the Throne ◦ the Bolshoi Dvoretz ◦ the Maloi Dvoretz ◦ Cathedral of the Assumption ◦ Cathedral of the Archangel Michael ◦ the False Dmitri ◦ Church of the Annunciation ◦ the Senate, Treasury, and Arsenal ◦ Memorials of the Early Czars ◦ Palace of Arms ◦ "Monarch Bell" ◦ Ivan Yeliki ◦ Its Bells ◦ Cathedral of St. Basil ◦ Chapel of the "Iberian Mother of God" ◦ Convents and Monasteries ◦ Maidens' Field ◦ Hospitals ◦ Theatres ◦ Gostinoi Dvor ◦ Manufactures and Commerce ◦ History

CHAPTER XIII



ST. PETERSBURG
◦ Site of St. Petersburg ◦ Its Divisions ◦ Iron Bridge across the Neva ◦ Bird's-Eye View ◦ Foundation of the City ◦ Its Perils ◦ Inundation of 1824 ◦ Climate ◦ St. Petersburg in Winter ◦ the Russian Stove ◦ Double Windows ◦ the Neva in Winter ◦ Breaking up of the Ice ◦ Its Celebration ◦ Street Population ◦ Nevskoi Prospect ◦ the English Quay ◦ the Mujik ◦ Sweeping the Streets, a Punishment for Drunkenness

CHAPTER XIV



ST. PETERSBURG - IMPERIAL PALACES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS
◦ The Winter-Palace ◦ Its Conflagration in 1837 ◦ Its Re-Erection ◦ Its Interior ◦ the Hermitage ◦ Its Treasures ◦ the Marble Palace ◦ the Taurida Palace ◦ Its Orangery ◦ Its Occupants ◦ Hotel de l'Etat Major ◦ the Alexandrian Column ◦ the Old Michailoff Palace ◦ the Anitshkof Palace ◦ the New Michailoff Palace ◦ Little Summer Garden ◦ the Red Palace ◦ the Imperial Library ◦ Museums ◦ Academy of Fine Arts ◦ Educational Institutions ◦ Government Buildings ◦ the Exchange ◦ the Customhouse ◦ the Fortress, Arsenals, and Barracks ◦ Historical Souvenirs ◦ Equestrian Statue of Peter the Great ◦ Monument to Suwarrow ◦ Monument to Field-Marshal Romanoff

CHAPTER XV



ST. PETERSBURG - CHURCHES AND CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS
◦ Modern Church Architecture ◦ Kazan Cathedral ◦ Isaac Church ◦ Church of St. Peter and St Paul ◦ Its Spire ◦ Thrilling Incident ◦ Its Vaults ◦ Tombs of the Russian Emperors ◦ Smolnoi and Nevskoi Convents ◦ Monastery of St. Sergius ◦ Preobrashensky Church ◦ Trinity Church ◦ Nicolai Church ◦ Roman Catholic Church ◦ Hospitals ◦ the Foundling Hospital

CHAPTER XVI



MARKETS AND MANUFACTORIES OF ST. PETERSBURG
◦ The Gostinoi Dvor ◦ the Gostonoi Merchants ◦ the Somovar ◦ the Apraxin Rinok ◦ Image-Sellers ◦ Fruit-Stalls ◦ Pastry-Stands ◦ Tshukin Dvor ◦ Bird-Market ◦ Hay-Market ◦ For-zen Meat-Market ◦ Sennaia Ploschad ◦ Industrial Establishments: Tapestry, Porcelain, Card, Cotton, and Paper Manufactories ◦ Ship-Building

CHAPTER XVII



THE GARDENS AND VILLAS OF ST. PETERSBURG
◦ Calherinenhoff ◦ the Summer Garden ◦ Peter's Wooden Palace ◦ the Wife-Market ◦ Islands of the Neva ◦ Kammenoi, or Stone Island ◦ Yelagin, Cross, and Apothecaries' Islands ◦ Count StrogonofPs Gardens ◦ Czarsko Selo: the Palace ◦ the Arsenal ◦ the Grounds ◦ Paulofsky and Gatchina ◦ Strelna ◦ Peterhoff ◦ the Empress' Annual Fetes at Peterhoff ◦ Old Castle of Peter the Great ◦ Marly and Monplaisir ◦ the Hermitage ◦ Cottage of Catherine II. ◦ Ropscha ◦ Oranienbaum

CHAPTER XVIII



THE IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT
◦ Absolute Power of the Sovereign ◦ Organization of the Government by Peter the Great ◦ the Imperial Council ◦ the Senate ◦ the Holy Synod ◦ Committee of Ministers ◦ Local Administration of the Governments and Provinces ◦ the Judicial System ◦ the Police System ◦ Its Corruption ◦ Thieves and Pickpockets ◦ Punishments ◦ the Rod ◦ the Knout ◦ Exile to Siberia ◦ Departure of Exiles ◦ the Journey ◦ their Number and Condition in Siberia ◦ the Army ◦ Its Organization ◦ the Imperial Guard ◦ Guard of the Interior ◦ the Gendarmes ◦ the Cossacks ◦ Conscription ◦ Pay ◦ Military Colonies ◦ Insurrection of 1831 ◦ the Navy ◦ Its Extent ◦ Its Efficiency ◦ Its History ◦ Public Revenue ◦ Its Sources ◦ Expenditures ◦ Public Debt

CHAPTER XIX



THE PEOPLE
◦ The Nobility ◦ Its Division by Peter into Fourteen Classes ◦ Titles ◦ Powers of the Nobility ◦ their Education and Habits ◦ their Vassals ◦ Attention to Manufactures ◦ the Clergy, Merchants, and Burghers ◦ their Classification ◦ the Three Guilds ◦ Citizen-Burghers ◦ Respectable Citizens ◦ Suburban Inhabitants ◦ the Free Peasantry ◦ the Serfs ◦ Serf Laws ◦ Marriages among Serfs and Free Peasants ◦ Habits of the Russian Peasantry ◦ their Villages, Costume, Food, &c. ◦ Superstitions and Vices ◦ the Vapor-Bath ◦ Public Baths

CHAPTER XX



RELIGION - THE GREEK CHURCH
◦ The Various Religions in Russia ◦ History of the Greek Church ◦ Reforms of Peter the Great ◦ Points of Difference between the Greek and Roman Church ◦ the Clergy ◦ the White and Black Clergy ◦ Monks ◦ the Clergy of Other Churches ◦ Incomes of the Russian Clergy ◦ Nuns ◦ Titles ◦ Habits of the Priests ◦ Devotion of the People to Pictures of their Saints ◦ Tolerant Spirit of the Russian Clergy

CHAPTER XXI



FESTIVALS AND FASTS
◦ The Easter Festiva l◦ Butter-Week ◦ the Katsheli ◦ Ice-Mountains ◦ Admiralty Square during Easter ◦ Equipages of the Grandees ◦ the Wooden Theatres ◦ the Burning Theatre ◦ Its Victims ◦ Fates ◦ the Great Fast ◦ Its Monotony ◦ Palm Sunday ◦ Easter-Eggs ◦ Holy Thursday ◦ Good Friday ◦ Easter Eve ◦ Easter Kisses ◦ Recollection Monday, a Festival-Day in the Cemeteries

CHAPTER XXII



LITERATURE AND EDUCATION
◦ Early History of Literature ◦ First Grammar of the Language ◦ Michael Lomonosoff ◦ Literature during the Reign of Catherine II. ◦ Cheraskoff, "the Russian Homer" ◦ Other Poets ◦ Progress of Russian Letters during the Present Century◦Nicholas Karamzin ◦ Poets of the Nineteenth Century ◦ Voyages and Travels ◦ Alexander Pushkin ◦ Nicholas Gogol ◦ Alexander Bestushev ◦ Historical Romances ◦ Count Solohonpe ◦ Female Writers ◦ Historical Science ◦ Statistics◦ the Drama ◦ Theatrical Amusements ◦ Theatres in St. Petersburg ◦ the Russian Alphabet ◦ the Slavonic Dialects ◦ Popular Instruction ◦ Educational Statistics

CHAPTER XXIII



MEANS OF TRAVEL
◦ First Railway in Russia ◦ Railroad from St. Petersburg to Moscow ◦ Oliphant's Description of a Passage over this Road ◦ Other Railways Projected ◦ Roads and Roadside Accommodation ◦ Sledge-Travelling ◦ Posthouses ◦ Posting ◦ Cabinet-Couriers ◦ Diligences ◦ the Malle-Poste ◦ Post Telega ◦ Drosky ◦ Ivoshtshiks ◦ Pedestrian Privileges

CHAPTER XXIV



HISTORIC SUMMARY - EARLY ANNALS
◦ Sarraatians and Scythians ◦ Slavonians ◦ Varagians ◦ Rurik ◦ Igor and Oleg ◦ the Petchenegans ◦ the Drevlians ◦ Olga and Sviatoslaff ◦ Yaropolk ◦ Vladimir ◦ Yaroslav ◦ Monomachus ◦ Conflagration of Kiev ◦ Famine at Novgorod ◦ Tartar Invasion ◦ Yury I. ◦ Batou Khan ◦ Yury II. ◦ Yaroslav II. ◦ Alexander Nevski ◦ Wars with the Tartars ◦ Ivan I. and II. ◦ Dmitri III. and IV. ◦ "Battle of the Giants" ◦ Vassili II. ◦ Ivan III. ◦ Destruction of the Golden Horde ◦ Vassili IV. ◦ Ivan IV. the Terrible ◦ Origin of the Title "Czar" ◦ Formation of the Strelitzes ◦ Fedor I. ◦ Boris Godunoff ◦ Famine in Moscow ◦ the False Dmitris ◦ Vladislaus ◦ Michael Romanoff ◦ Wars with the Swedes and Poles ◦ Alexis ◦ Fedor III. ◦ Accession of Peter the Great

CHAPTER XXV



HISTORIC SUMMARY - PETER THE GREAT TO NICHOLAS
◦ Intrigues of Sophia, Half-Sister to Peter, to obtain the Crown ◦ Joint Reign of Peter and Ivan V., with Sophia ◦ Insurrection of the Strelitzes ◦ Deposition of Sophia ◦ Death of Ivan ◦ War with Turkey ◦ War with Sweden ◦ Peace of Nystadt ◦ War with Persia ◦ Death of Peter ◦ His Character ◦ His Manual Dexterity and Mechanical Knowledge ◦ His Travels ◦ Catherine I. ◦ Her Previous History ◦ Her Measures ◦ Her Death ◦ Peter II. ◦ Menehikoff◦ Anne ◦ War with Turkey ◦ Ivan VI. ◦ Elizabeth Petrowna ◦ War with Sweden ◦ War with Prussia ◦ Peter III. ◦ His Assassination ◦ Catherine II. ◦ War with Turkey ◦ Potemkin ◦ Suwarrow ◦ Partition of Poland ◦ Catherine's Death ◦ Her Character ◦ Paul I. ◦ Events of his Reign ◦ His Eccentricities ◦ His Assassination ◦ Accession of Alexander I. ◦ Treaty of Amiens ◦ War with France ◦ Battles of Austerlitz and Eylau ◦ Treaty of Tilsit ◦ War with Sweden ◦ Capture of Finland ◦ Allied War against France ◦ Napoleon's Invasion of Russia ◦ Battle of Borodino ◦ Capture and Conflagration of Moscow ◦ Blowing up of the Kremlin ◦ Retreat of the French ◦ The European Powers allied against Napoleon ◦ His Overthrow ◦ Death of Alexander ◦ His Character

CHAPTER XXVI



HISTORIC SUMMARY - REIGN OF NICHOLAS I
◦ Early Life of Nicholas ◦ His Marriage and Family ◦ Death of his Daughter the Grand-Duchess Alexandra ◦ Her Cenotaph at Czarsko Selo ◦ Renunciation of the Throne by Constantine ◦ Attempted Revolution◦ Its Suppression ◦ War with Persia ◦ War with Turkey ◦ Campaigns of 1828-1829 ◦ Polish Revolution of 1831 ◦ Its Suppression ◦ Asiatic Cholera ◦ Protection to Turkey in the War with Mehemet Ali ◦ Russian Agency in Crushing the Hungarian Revolution in 1848 ◦ War with Turkey in 1853-1854 ◦ Invasion of the Danubian Principalities by Russia ◦ Destruction of the Turkish Fleet at Sinope ◦ Interference of France and England ◦ Declarations of War by Turkey, France, and England ◦ Counter Declaration of Russia ◦ Conclusion



 
Sears, Robert. An Illustrated Description of the Russian Empire. New York: Robert Sears, 1855