An Illustrated Description of the Russian Empire

About Sears Illustrated Description of the Russian Empire

The List of Illustrations

Preface

CHAPTER I

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY ◦ Boundaries ◦ Latitude and Longitude ◦ Superficial Area ◦ Comparative Dimensions ◦ Russian America ◦ Ural Mountains ◦ aucasian Range ◦ Asiatic Russia ◦ Altai Range ◦ Forests ◦ White Sea ◦ Baltic Sea ◦ Its Extent ◦ Gulf of Bothnia ◦ Gulf of Finland ◦ Euxine or Black Sea ◦ Sea of Azov ◦ Putrid Sea ◦ Strait of Enikaleh ◦ Caspian Sea ◦ Its Position, Form, and Extent ◦ Its Islands ◦ Its Fisheries ◦ Its Harbors ◦ Its History ◦ the Sea of Okhotsk ◦ Rivers ◦ the Dwina ◦ the Obi ◦ the Yenisei ◦ the Duna ◦ the Niemen ◦ the Dniester ◦ the Dnieper ◦ the Boug ◦ the Don ◦ Attempts to unite the Don and the Volga ◦ the Kouban ◦ the Danube ◦ Its Mouths ◦ the Volga ◦ Its Source and Course ◦ Its Mouths ◦ Its Tributaries ◦ Its Inundations ◦ Its Commercial Importance ◦ Lakes ◦ Lake or Sea of Baikal ◦ Lake Ladoga ◦ Lake Onega ◦ Lake Peipus ◦ Lake Ilmen ◦ Bielo-Ozero ◦ Climate ◦ Storms ◦ the Miatjel ◦ the Samjots ◦ the Vinga ◦ Its Terrible Devastations

CHAPTER II

POLITICAL DIVISIONS. THE BALTIC PROVINCES ◦ Division-Line of European and Asiatic Russia ◦ General Divisions ◦ Table of Areas and Populations ◦ Finland: Physical Aspect ◦ Climate ◦ Soil ◦ Productions ◦ Animals ◦ Manufactures ◦ Government ◦ People ◦ the Aland Archipelago ◦ Chief Towns ◦ Abo ◦ Helsingfors Sweaborg ◦ Tornea ◦ Government of St. Petersburg: Physical Aspect ◦ Climate ◦ Productive Resources ◦ Commerce ◦ Kronstadt ◦ Its Harbor and Fortifications ◦ Esthonia: Soil ◦ Animals ◦ Thrilling Incident ◦ Revel ◦ Its Harbor ◦ Historical Incident ◦ Catherinthal, built by Peter the Great ◦ Livonia: Soil and Productions ◦ Forests ◦ Wild Animals ◦ Hunting Scenes ◦ Rural Industry ◦ Russian Coins ◦ Livonia: Population ◦ Government ◦ Riga ◦ Dorpat ◦ Historic Incident of Schloss-Ringen ◦ Courland : Physical Aspect ◦ Soil and Productions ◦ Animals ◦ Elk-Hunting ◦ Mittau ◦ Libau ◦ Windau ◦ History of the Baltic Provinces ◦ People ◦ the Lettes and Esthonians ◦ the Jews ◦ the Germans

CHAPTER III

GREAT RUSSIA ◦ Archangel: Its Extent ◦ Physical Aspect ◦ Climate ◦ Resources ◦ People ◦ Russian Lapland ◦ the Laplanders ◦ Nova Zembla ◦ City of Archangel ◦ History ◦ Vologda : Soil, Climate, and Productions ◦ City of Vologda ◦ Olonetz: Soil ◦ Resources ◦ Petrozavodsk ◦ Kargo-pole ◦ Novgorod : Physical Aspect ◦ Soil and Productions ◦ City of Novgorod ◦ Its History ◦ Pskov: Soil and Productions ◦ Pskov the Capital ◦ Torepetz ◦ Velikie-Louki ◦ Tver: Productions ◦ Manufactures ◦ Commerce ◦ Tver, its Capital ◦ Smolensk : Soil and Productions ◦ Forests ◦ City of Smolensk ◦ Moscow: Its Extent ◦ Physical Aspect ◦ Climate ◦ Natural Products and Manufactures ◦ Yaroslav: Rivers and Lakes ◦ Climate ◦ Resources ◦ City of Yaroslav ◦ Its History ◦ Kostroma: Soil and Climate ◦ Products ◦ City of Kostroma ◦ Nijnei-Novgorod ◦ Soil and Productions ◦ Manufactures ◦ City of Nijnei-Novgorod ◦ Fairs ◦ Vladimir: Surface ◦ Soil and Products ◦ City of Vladimir ◦ Riazan: Climate ◦ Forests ◦ Products and Manufactures ◦ City of Riazan ◦ Tambov : Resources ◦ Forests ◦ Manufactures ◦ City of Tambov ◦ oula : Resources ◦ City of Toula ◦ Market ◦ Manufactures ◦ History ◦ Kalouga: Climate and Productions ◦ Manufactures ◦ Exports ◦ City of Kalouga ◦ Orel : Its Rivers ◦ Soil and Productions ◦ Commerce ◦ Town of Orel ◦ Koursk : Products ◦ Exports ◦ City of Koursk ◦ Fairs ◦ Voronej : Resources ◦ Population ◦ City of Voronej

CHAPTER IV

LITTLE AND WESTERN RUSSIA ◦ Lithuania ◦ Its History and People ◦ Tchernigov : Its Soil ◦ Lakes and Rivers ◦ Productions ◦ Its Capital, Tchernigov ◦ Kharkov: Soil and Productions ◦ City of Kharkov ◦Poltava: Its Surface, Soil, and Resources ◦ Town of Poltava ◦ Kiev: Physical Aspect ◦ Climate ◦ Crops ◦ City of Kiev ◦ Antiquities ◦ History of Kiev ◦ Podolia: Physical Aspect ◦ Productions ◦ Kaminietz ◦ Balta ◦ Volhynia : Physical Aspect ◦ Manufactures and Exports ◦ People ◦ Jitomir ◦ Berditschev ◦ Minsk: Productive Resources◦People ◦ Its Capital ◦ Moghilev: Rivers and Lakes ◦ Productions ◦ Town of Moghilev ◦ Vitepsk: Soil and Productions ◦ Its Capital◦Wilna : Rivers and Lakes ◦ Agricultural Resources ◦ Animals ◦ Its Capital ◦ Educational Institutions ◦ Grodno : Soil and Productions ◦ People ◦ Town of Grodno ◦ Bialystok : Its Resources ◦ Bialystok, its Capital

CHAPTER V

RUSSIAN POLAND ◦ Former Extent of Poland ◦ Present Limits of Russian Poland ◦ Population ◦ Physical Aspect ◦ Climate and Soil◦Productive Resources ◦ Estates of the Nobility ◦ the Peasantry ◦ Position of the Peasantry ◦ Villages ◦ Domestic and Wild Animals ◦ Forests ◦ Minerals ◦ Manufactures ◦ Commerce ◦ Government ◦ Religion ◦ Education ◦ People ◦ History ◦ Krakow, the Ancient Capital of Poland ◦ Warsaw: Public Buildings ◦ Suburbs ◦ Educational Institutions ◦ Manufactures and Trade ◦ History ◦ Other Towns

CHAPTER VI

SOUTHERN RUSSIA ◦ Bessarabia : Its Position and Physical Aspect ◦ Climate and Productions ◦ People ◦ History ◦ Kichinev◦ Ismail ◦ Its Capture by Suwarrow ◦ Kherson : Soil and Climate ◦ Industrial Arts ◦ Kherson, its Capital ◦ Historical Incident: "The Road to Constantinople" ◦ Odessa ◦ Its Trade ◦ Its Granaries ◦ Bazars ◦ Vineyards ◦ The Boulevard ◦ Memorials of Howard ◦ Nikolaiev ◦ Taurida: Position and Area ◦ Its People ◦ Ekatherinoslav : Soil and Minerals ◦ Climate and Products ◦ Game ◦ Manufactures ◦ Bon Cossacks (Government): Physical Aspect ◦ Climate ◦ Prod nctive Resources ◦ The Don Cossacks ◦ Their History ◦ Kreposts ◦ Nova Tcherkask ◦ Toherkask ◦ Taganrog ◦ Azov

CHAPTER VII

THE CRIMEA ◦ Physical Aspect ◦ The Baidar Valley ◦ Productive Resources ◦ Salt Works ◦ Chief Towns ◦ Population ◦ Crim Tartars ◦ History ◦ Sevastapol ◦ Its Harbor and Fortifications ◦ Ink-erman, the "Town of Caverns" ◦ Ruins ◦ Simferopol ◦ Camel-Carts ◦ Fair ◦ Races ◦ the Tchatir Bagh ◦ Cave of Foul Kouba ◦ Kisil Kouba ◦ Pallas' Residence ◦ Kertsch ◦ Panti-capaeum, Residence and Reputed Burial-Place of Mithridates ◦ Caffa ◦ Baktchiserai (the "Seraglio of Gardens") ◦ Tartar Houses ◦ Palace of the Khans ◦ Mausoleum of the Khans, "Valley of Jehoshaphat ◦ Tchoufut Kale ◦ the Karaite Jews ◦ Mangoup Kale ◦ Novel Method of Shoeing a Bullock ◦ Decay of the Tartar Race

CHAPTER VIII

THE STEPPES OF SOUTHERN RUSSIA ◦ Area and Physical Aspect ◦- Rivers ◦ Ravines ◦ Limans ◦ Stavoks ◦ Climate ◦ Seasons ◦ Excessive Drought ◦ Vegetation ◦ Burian ◦ Steppe-Fires ◦ Earth-Hares ◦ Mice ◦ Wolves ◦ Dogs ◦ Bustard-Hunting ◦ Birds of Prey ◦ Reptiles ◦ The Toad-Shower ◦ Lizards ◦ Snakes ◦ Locusts ◦ Their Devastations ◦ Herds of Horses ◦ The Tabuntshik ◦ The Horsestealer ◦ Battles of the Horses ◦ Attacks of "Wolves ◦ Thrashing of Grain by Horses ◦ Mazeppa ◦ Sheep ◦ The Tshabawn ◦ Milking Sheep ◦ Herds of Cattle ◦ The Tsherednik ◦ Tallow-Houses ◦ "Wholesale Slaughter ◦ Tallow-Market

CHAPTER IX

EASTERN RUSSIA ◦ Governments of Eastern Russia ◦ Astrakhan: Physical Aspect ◦ Soil ◦ Productive Resources ◦ Salt-Lakes ◦ Rivers ◦ Climate ◦ Animals ◦ Fisheries ◦ People ◦ The Calmucks ◦ Their Extraordinary Emigration in 1770-177l ◦ City of Astrakhan ◦ Its Trade and Population ◦ Saratov : Productions ◦ Sheep◦Population ◦ Commerce ◦ City of Saratov◦Other Towns ◦ Orenburg: Physical Aspect ◦ Soil ◦ Minerals◦Town of Orenburg ◦ Its Manufactures and Trade ◦ Perm : Physical Aspect ◦ Climate ◦ Gold, Iron, and Sail-Mines ◦ Trade ◦ Inhabitants ◦ City of Perm ◦ Ekaterinburg ◦ Trade in Precious Stones ◦ Yiatka : Physical Aspect Productive Resources ◦ Commerce ◦ Population ◦ Yiatka the Capital ◦ Simbirsk: Climate and Productions ◦ Its Capital ◦ Samara: Area and Population ◦ City of Samara ◦ Its Annual Fair ◦ Penza: Soil and Productions ◦ Manufactures and Exports ◦ City of Penza ◦ Kazan : Physical Aspect ◦ Agriculture ◦ Gardens ◦ Population ◦ Cheremisses and Chuvasses ◦ The city of Kazan ◦ The Tartars ◦ Their Costume ◦ Tartar Women ◦ Kremlin of Kazan ◦ University ◦ Manufactures and Trade ◦ Inundation of the Volga ◦ Foundation of Kazan ◦ Its History ◦ Its Conflagrations ◦ Oliphant's Sketch of Kazan in 1853

CHAPTER X

THE CAUCASIAN PROVINCES ◦ Caucasian Tribes ◦ Georgia: Its Position and Aspect ◦ Rivers ◦ Climate and Soil ◦ Fruit ◦ Its Vineyards ◦ Wines ◦ Domestic Animals ◦ Roads ◦ Manufactures ◦ Female Georgians ◦ Classes ◦ History ◦ Teflis ◦ Its History ◦ Other Towns ◦ Shirvan: Baku ◦ Abcheran ◦ Naphtha Springs◦ "Field of Fire" ◦ Ghebers ◦ Russian Armenia : Physical Aspect ◦ Guk-cha, or Blue Lake ◦ Mount Ararat ◦ Volcanic Eruption of 1840 ◦ Nakhichevan ◦ Climate and Soil of Armenia ◦ Inhabitants ◦ Echmiadzin ◦ Armenian Language and Literature ◦ Erivan ◦ Akhalzik ◦ Imeritia: Physical Aspect ◦ Natural Productions ◦ Bees and Silkworms ◦ Commerce ◦ Mingrelia : Physical Aspect ◦ Productions ◦ Guria : People ◦ Kou-tais ◦Abassia: Its Position ◦ Industry ◦ History ◦ Anapar◦Circassia: Extent and Physical Features ◦ Its Hydrography ◦ Climate ◦ Soil and Natural Productions ◦ Animals, Wild and Domestic ◦ Minerals ◦ People ◦ Villages ◦ the Chase and War ◦ Circassian Women ◦ Domestic Habits ◦ Physical Beauty ◦ Education ◦ Religion ◦ Manufactures and Commerce ◦ History ◦ Caucasus: Physical Features and Climate ◦ Stavropol ◦ Other Towns ◦ Dag-hestan : Physical Aspect ◦ Bituminous Springs ◦ Climate ◦ Population ◦Derbent ◦ Kouba ◦ Tschetschenzes and Lesghians ◦ The Caucasian "War ◦ Its History ◦ Shamyl

CHAPTER XI

SIBERIA, OR ASIATIC RUSSIA ◦ Its Immense Extent ◦ Physical Aspect ◦ the Steppe ◦ Forests ◦ Moorland, or Tundra ◦ Stanovoy Mountains ◦ Dry Lakes ◦ Samoides ◦ Ostiaks ◦ Calmucks ◦ Turkish Tribes ◦ Buriats ◦ Tungusi ◦ Yakutes ◦ Tchouktchis ◦ History of Siberia ◦ Tobolsk : Soil and Productions ◦ Tartar Villages ◦ City of Tobolsk ◦ Climate ◦ Tomsk : Soil and Productions ◦ Tomsk, its Capital ◦ Yeniseisk : Variety of Soil, Climate, and Productions ◦ Inhabitants ◦ Krasnoiarsk Other Towns ◦ Irkoutsk : Physical Features ◦ Climate ◦ Forests ◦ Wild Animals ◦ A Bear Story ◦ Domestic Animals ◦ Crops◦Minerals ◦ Manufactures ◦ Irkoutsk, the Capital ◦ Its Police ◦ the "Double Town" ◦ Yakoutsk: Its Rivers ◦ Productive Resources ◦ Yakoutsk, the Capital ◦ Its Trade ◦ Inhabitants ◦ Climate ◦ Okhotsk: Physical Features ◦ Products◦Town of Okhotsk◦Kamtschatka : Its Form and Physical Aspect ◦ Mountains ◦ Climate ◦ Forests ◦ Agriculture ◦ Wild Animals ◦ Inhabitants ◦Amusements ◦ Houses ◦ Dogs ◦ Koriaks ◦ Trade ◦ History ◦ Government ◦ Aleutian Islands : Discovery ◦ Volcanic Formation ◦ Earthquakes ◦ Soil ◦ Game ◦ Fish ◦ Inhabitants ◦ Maimers and Customs ◦ Religion ◦ Government

CHAPTER XII

MOSCOW ◦ Its Streets ◦ Its Extent◦The Kremlin ◦ Bird's-Eye Yiew ◦ Spass Yorota, or "Gate of the Redeemer" ◦ the Nicholas Gate ◦ Ancient Palace of the Czars ◦ Terema ◦ Granovitaya Palata ◦ Coronation-Hall ◦ the Throne ◦ the Bolshoi Dvoretz ◦ the Maloi Dvoretz ◦ Cathedral of the Assumption ◦ Cathedral of the Archangel Michael ◦ the False Dmitri ◦ Church of the Annunciation ◦ the Senate, Treasury, and Arsenal ◦ Memorials of the Early Czars ◦ Palace of Arms ◦ "Monarch Bell" ◦ Ivan Yeliki ◦ Its Bells ◦ Cathedral of St. Basil ◦ Chapel of the "Iberian Mother of God" ◦ Convents and Monasteries ◦ Maidens' Field ◦ Hospitals ◦ Theatres ◦ Gostinoi Dvor ◦ Manufactures and Commerce ◦ History

CHAPTER XIII

ST. PETERSBURG ◦ Site of St. Petersburg ◦ Its Divisions ◦ Iron Bridge across the Neva ◦ Bird's-Eye View ◦ Foundation of the City ◦ Its Perils ◦ Inundation of 1824 ◦ Climate ◦ St. Petersburg in Winter ◦ the Russian Stove ◦ Double Windows ◦ the Neva in Winter ◦ Breaking up of the Ice ◦ Its Celebration ◦ Street Population ◦ Nevskoi Prospect ◦ the English Quay ◦ the Mujik ◦ Sweeping the Streets, a Punishment for Drunkenness

CHAPTER XIV

ST. PETERSBURG - IMPERIAL PALACES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS ◦ The Winter-Palace ◦ Its Conflagration in 1837 ◦ Its Re-Erection ◦ Its Interior ◦ the Hermitage ◦ Its Treasures ◦ the Marble Palace ◦ the Taurida Palace ◦ Its Orangery ◦ Its Occupants ◦ Hotel de l'Etat Major ◦ the Alexandrian Column ◦ the Old Michailoff Palace ◦ the Anitshkof Palace ◦ the New Michailoff Palace ◦ Little Summer Garden ◦ the Red Palace ◦ the Imperial Library ◦ Museums ◦ Academy of Fine Arts ◦ Educational Institutions ◦ Government Buildings ◦ the Exchange ◦ the Customhouse ◦ the Fortress, Arsenals, and Barracks ◦ Historical Souvenirs ◦ Equestrian Statue of Peter the Great ◦ Monument to Suwarrow ◦ Monument to Field-Marshal Romanoff

CHAPTER XV

ST. PETERSBURG - CHURCHES AND CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS ◦ Modern Church Architecture ◦ Kazan Cathedral ◦ Isaac Church ◦ Church of St. Peter and St Paul ◦ Its Spire ◦ Thrilling Incident ◦ Its Vaults ◦ Tombs of the Russian Emperors ◦ Smolnoi and Nevskoi Convents ◦ Monastery of St. Sergius ◦ Preobrashensky Church ◦ Trinity Church ◦ Nicolai Church ◦ Roman Catholic Church ◦ Hospitals ◦ the Foundling Hospital

CHAPTER XVI

MARKETS AND MANUFACTORIES OF ST. PETERSBURG ◦ The Gostinoi Dvor ◦ the Gostonoi Merchants ◦ the Somovar ◦ the Apraxin Rinok ◦ Image-Sellers ◦ Fruit-Stalls ◦ Pastry-Stands ◦ Tshukin Dvor ◦ Bird-Market ◦ Hay-Market ◦ For-zen Meat-Market ◦ Sennaia Ploschad ◦ Industrial Establishments: Tapestry, Porcelain, Card, Cotton, and Paper Manufactories ◦ Ship-Building

CHAPTER XVII

THE GARDENS AND VILLAS OF ST. PETERSBURG ◦ Calherinenhoff ◦ the Summer Garden ◦ Peter's Wooden Palace ◦ the Wife-Market ◦ Islands of the Neva ◦ Kammenoi, or Stone Island ◦ Yelagin, Cross, and Apothecaries' Islands ◦ Count StrogonofPs Gardens ◦ Czarsko Selo: the Palace ◦ the Arsenal ◦ the Grounds ◦ Paulofsky and Gatchina ◦ Strelna ◦ Peterhoff ◦ the Empress' Annual Fetes at Peterhoff ◦ Old Castle of Peter the Great ◦ Marly and Monplaisir ◦ the Hermitage ◦ Cottage of Catherine II. ◦ Ropscha ◦ Oranienbaum

CHAPTER XVIII

THE IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT ◦ Absolute Power of the Sovereign ◦ Organization of the Government by Peter the Great ◦ the Imperial Council ◦ the Senate ◦ the Holy Synod ◦ Committee of Ministers ◦ Local Administration of the Governments and Provinces ◦ the Judicial System ◦ the Police System ◦ Its Corruption ◦ Thieves and Pickpockets ◦ Punishments ◦ the Rod ◦ the Knout ◦ Exile to Siberia ◦ Departure of Exiles ◦ the Journey ◦ their Number and Condition in Siberia ◦ the Army ◦ Its Organization ◦ the Imperial Guard ◦ Guard of the Interior ◦ the Gendarmes ◦ the Cossacks ◦ Conscription ◦ Pay ◦ Military Colonies ◦ Insurrection of 1831 ◦ the Navy ◦ Its Extent ◦ Its Efficiency ◦ Its History ◦ Public Revenue ◦ Its Sources ◦ Expenditures ◦ Public Debt

CHAPTER XIX

THE PEOPLE ◦ The Nobility ◦ Its Division by Peter into Fourteen Classes ◦ Titles ◦ Powers of the Nobility ◦ their Education and Habits ◦ their Vassals ◦ Attention to Manufactures ◦ the Clergy, Merchants, and Burghers ◦ their Classification ◦ the Three Guilds ◦ Citizen-Burghers ◦ Respectable Citizens ◦ Suburban Inhabitants ◦ the Free Peasantry ◦ the Serfs ◦ Serf Laws ◦ Marriages among Serfs and Free Peasants ◦ Habits of the Russian Peasantry ◦ their Villages, Costume, Food, &c. ◦ Superstitions and Vices ◦ the Vapor-Bath ◦ Public Baths

CHAPTER XX

RELIGION - THE GREEK CHURCH ◦ The Various Religions in Russia ◦ History of the Greek Church ◦ Reforms of Peter the Great ◦ Points of Difference between the Greek and Roman Church ◦ the Clergy ◦ the White and Black Clergy ◦ Monks ◦ the Clergy of Other Churches ◦ Incomes of the Russian Clergy ◦ Nuns ◦ Titles ◦ Habits of the Priests ◦ Devotion of the People to Pictures of their Saints ◦ Tolerant Spirit of the Russian Clergy

CHAPTER XXI

FESTIVALS AND FASTS ◦ The Easter Festiva l◦ Butter-Week ◦ the Katsheli ◦ Ice-Mountains ◦ Admiralty Square during Easter ◦ Equipages of the Grandees ◦ the Wooden Theatres ◦ the Burning Theatre ◦ Its Victims ◦ Fates ◦ the Great Fast ◦ Its Monotony ◦ Palm Sunday ◦ Easter-Eggs ◦ Holy Thursday ◦ Good Friday ◦ Easter Eve ◦ Easter Kisses ◦ Recollection Monday, a Festival-Day in the Cemeteries

CHAPTER XXII

LITERATURE AND EDUCATION ◦ Early History of Literature ◦ First Grammar of the Language ◦ Michael Lomonosoff ◦ Literature during the Reign of Catherine II. ◦ Cheraskoff, "the Russian Homer" ◦ Other Poets ◦ Progress of Russian Letters during the Present Century◦Nicholas Karamzin ◦ Poets of the Nineteenth Century ◦ Voyages and Travels ◦ Alexander Pushkin ◦ Nicholas Gogol ◦ Alexander Bestushev ◦ Historical Romances ◦ Count Solohonpe ◦ Female Writers ◦ Historical Science ◦ Statistics◦ the Drama ◦ Theatrical Amusements ◦ Theatres in St. Petersburg ◦ the Russian Alphabet ◦ the Slavonic Dialects ◦ Popular Instruction ◦ Educational Statistics

CHAPTER XXIII

MEANS OF TRAVEL ◦ First Railway in Russia ◦ Railroad from St. Petersburg to Moscow ◦ Oliphant's Description of a Passage over this Road ◦ Other Railways Projected ◦ Roads and Roadside Accommodation ◦ Sledge-Travelling ◦ Posthouses ◦ Posting ◦ Cabinet-Couriers ◦ Diligences ◦ the Malle-Poste ◦ Post Telega ◦ Drosky ◦ Ivoshtshiks ◦ Pedestrian Privileges

CHAPTER XXIV

HISTORIC SUMMARY - EARLY ANNALS ◦ Sarraatians and Scythians ◦ Slavonians ◦ Varagians ◦ Rurik ◦ Igor and Oleg ◦ the Petchenegans ◦ the Drevlians ◦ Olga and Sviatoslaff ◦ Yaropolk ◦ Vladimir ◦ Yaroslav ◦ Monomachus ◦ Conflagration of Kiev ◦ Famine at Novgorod ◦ Tartar Invasion ◦ Yury I. ◦ Batou Khan ◦ Yury II. ◦ Yaroslav II. ◦ Alexander Nevski ◦ Wars with the Tartars ◦ Ivan I. and II. ◦ Dmitri III. and IV. ◦ "Battle of the Giants" ◦ Vassili II. ◦ Ivan III. ◦ Destruction of the Golden Horde ◦ Vassili IV. ◦ Ivan IV. the Terrible ◦ Origin of the Title "Czar" ◦ Formation of the Strelitzes ◦ Fedor I. ◦ Boris Godunoff ◦ Famine in Moscow ◦ the False Dmitris ◦ Vladislaus ◦ Michael Romanoff ◦ Wars with the Swedes and Poles ◦ Alexis ◦ Fedor III. ◦ Accession of Peter the Great

CHAPTER XXV

HISTORIC SUMMARY - PETER THE GREAT TO NICHOLAS ◦ Intrigues of Sophia, Half-Sister to Peter, to obtain the Crown ◦ Joint Reign of Peter and Ivan V., with Sophia ◦ Insurrection of the Strelitzes ◦ Deposition of Sophia ◦ Death of Ivan ◦ War with Turkey ◦ War with Sweden ◦ Peace of Nystadt ◦ War with Persia ◦ Death of Peter ◦ His Character ◦ His Manual Dexterity and Mechanical Knowledge ◦ His Travels ◦ Catherine I. ◦ Her Previous History ◦ Her Measures ◦ Her Death ◦ Peter II. ◦ Menehikoff◦ Anne ◦ War with Turkey ◦ Ivan VI. ◦ Elizabeth Petrowna ◦ War with Sweden ◦ War with Prussia ◦ Peter III. ◦ His Assassination ◦ Catherine II. ◦ War with Turkey ◦ Potemkin ◦ Suwarrow ◦ Partition of Poland ◦ Catherine's Death ◦ Her Character ◦ Paul I. ◦ Events of his Reign ◦ His Eccentricities ◦ His Assassination ◦ Accession of Alexander I. ◦ Treaty of Amiens ◦ War with France ◦ Battles of Austerlitz and Eylau ◦ Treaty of Tilsit ◦ War with Sweden ◦ Capture of Finland ◦ Allied War against France ◦ Napoleon's Invasion of Russia ◦ Battle of Borodino ◦ Capture and Conflagration of Moscow ◦ Blowing up of the Kremlin ◦ Retreat of the French ◦ The European Powers allied against Napoleon ◦ His Overthrow ◦ Death of Alexander ◦ His Character

CHAPTER XXVI

HISTORIC SUMMARY - REIGN OF NICHOLAS I ◦ Early Life of Nicholas ◦ His Marriage and Family ◦ Death of his Daughter the Grand-Duchess Alexandra ◦ Her Cenotaph at Czarsko Selo ◦ Renunciation of the Throne by Constantine ◦ Attempted Revolution◦ Its Suppression ◦ War with Persia ◦ War with Turkey ◦ Campaigns of 1828-1829 ◦ Polish Revolution of 1831 ◦ Its Suppression ◦ Asiatic Cholera ◦ Protection to Turkey in the War with Mehemet Ali ◦ Russian Agency in Crushing the Hungarian Revolution in 1848 ◦ War with Turkey in 1853-1854 ◦ Invasion of the Danubian Principalities by Russia ◦ Destruction of the Turkish Fleet at Sinope ◦ Interference of France and England ◦ Declarations of War by Turkey, France, and England ◦ Counter Declaration of Russia ◦ Conclusion